Thursday, June 18, 2026

The 'Local Distance Network' Path Toward A More Accurate Hubble Constant

 

                   Artist's conception of the 'ladder' technique to obtain H0

For scientific journal papers, few titles can compete in power and heft with:

The Local Distance Network: A community consensus report on the measurement of the Hubble constant at 1% precision

Which was published in the April 26 issue of Astronomy & Astrophysics (Vol. 708). In the paper 38 authors contributed to a detailed investigation exploring the so-called ‘Hubble tension’ and the degree to which two competing domains for the rate of expansion of the universe can be reconciled.  Different techniques for measuring what is called the Hubble Constant — the rate at which the universe is expanding — keep coming up with different estimates. Lead author of the University of Chicago paper, Wendy Freedman, said the Hubble Tension may be no big deal, that the scientific community may merely need to improve the way it estimates the distances between galaxies and thus the speed they recede from one another. If that happens, the Hubble Tension could be resolved without the requirement of revolutionary theories.

The Hubble tension refers to the two main ways cosmologists measure the Hubble constant (H0), which represents the universe’s expansion rate.  (The ‘tension’ arises because the two methods don’t agree)

The method that uses the cosmic microwave background (CMB), or the leftover radiation from the Big Bang, has the constant at 41 or 42 miles (67 or 68 kilometers) per second per megaparsec (a unit of distance about 3.3 million light-years). The other approach that uses local observations of galaxies and supernova puts it at 45 miles (73 kilometers per second per megaparsec).

From their paper, we see the end result:

"The local H0 is robustly determined, with first-rank indicators internally consistent within their uncertainties. The baseline result is H0=73.50±0.81kms−1Mpc−1, 7.1σ from the early Universe plus ΛCDM result 67.24±0.35kms−1Mpc−1 and 5.0σ from BBN+BAO within a flat ΛCDM DESI DR2 (68.51±0.58kms−1Mpc−1)."

The key component for achieving the result is the 'local distance network' - with the graphic (and codes) below from the paper:


Basically, dozens of distance indicators were assembled from dozens of teams of researchers to arrive at a coordinated product and conclusion. In a way the process could be analogized to building a 'ladder' (see top graphic from WSJ) to achieve the final result. In words of the authors:

The various subsets of the astronomical community working on aspects related to the Hubble tension have interacted at different junctures and have a general understanding of each other’s methodologies. However, accurately and reliably combining results while considering all interdependencies requires a hands-on, collaborative approach and a careful and thorough treatment rooted in transparency, engagement, and scientific discourse.

This was the underlying motivation and raison d’être for the workshop1 “What’s under the H0od?” held at the International Space Sciences Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland, in March 2025. The goal of this workshop was to arrive at a consensus set of "baseline" and "variant" datasets that should be included, to define statistically rigorous analysis procedures that account for datasetnt covariance, and to begin developing the open access tools required to measure H0 within a networked formalism. The Local Distance Network (Fig. 1) extends the distance ladder concept “horizontally” by linking multiple overlapping calibration paths.

In other words, this 'laddering' of different methods to reach an accurate value for  Hwas one of the largest, most demanding cooperative astronomical ventures ever undertaken to finally try to nail down the uncertainties in the Hubble constant.  The remaining bugbear?  The end result is about 10 percent faster than what the standard model of cosmology says it should be.

This means there is probably something missing from the standard model, or a force we don't fully understand.  This according to study co-author Stefano Casertano, quoted in the Wall Street Journal. Two likely culprits here are dark matter and dark energy.

Readers can access the full paper here:

https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557993

Wednesday, June 17, 2026

Denver Post Letter Writer Summarizes The Best Reasons To Rally Around Graham Platner

                                Graham Platner: Dems' best hope to take back Senate?


 The lead WSJ piece from June 8 (‘Platner Supporters Unfazed by Allegations of Misconduct’) proclaimed:

"Graham Platner held a town hall Sunday evening where voters could ask him about allegations of past misconduct. No one did.

Instead, voters doubled down on their support for the Democrat. The Democrat Platner teared up when presented with a poster board that included supportive messages like ‘Everyone has a past!’"

And why not? Trump certainly has a past, including admitted pussy grabbing, and having sex with a porn star even when wife Melania was caring for a newborn, e.g.

As well as being found guilty with 34 felony convictions for a hush money case connected with the affair, i.e.


Not to mention, already having incited an insurrection and attack on the Capitol on January 6, 2021,



And yet you're going to tell me, a la another WSJ piece (June 13-14, p. C3):

"Maine's Platner faces an uphill battle in the wake of his sexting scandal."

When the orange swine fouling the White House has gotten away with not only openly bragging about grabbing female genitals, actual sexual assault on E. Jean Carroll, not to mention palling around with a pedo predator- and even sending him a lascivious birthday card,

 WTF is wrong with American brains when a tattoo and some ill-advised ribald riffing on Reddit can make it "uphill" for Platner but Donnie Bonespurs gets a free pass?

Again, none of the cited outrageous actual crimes of Trump have had any effect on stopping him - having being elected twice - and even getting over 74 m votes in his losing effort to Biden in 2020. And yet Graham Platner is dead in the water for 'sins' that are more like crass verbal missteps- compared to Trump's mammoth crimes - like blowing up hundreds of innocents in fishing boats in Caribbean waters. 

And yet Traitor Trump had the nerve to call Platner a "thug" and a "pig". Hey, traitor -convicted felon- pedo pal - pussy grabber, look in the mirror.

Enter a Sunday Denver Post letter writer who throws down the political purity breaking gauntlet and defies Dems to find their cojones and support Platner. He writes in his letter ('Dems Should Close Ranks Around Platner):

Moral high ground? Elections are not about morals.  They are about power - who gains power, how they are exercising it and accountability for that power.

Elections are not dating events. Voters do not choose a mate. A pure heart. an unimpeachable background, perfect manners and a dental plan do not matter.  Graham Platner is not running to be Maine's sweetheart. He is running for one of its Senate seats. Platner is Maine's Democratic Senate candidate.

There is no other. It is him against Republican Susan Collins who talks centrist and votes extremist. He is the Democratic candidate because he has been leading in the polls and offers the party a chance to beat Susan Collins. Democracy in action.

For the sake of us, the people, our country and the planet, Democrats must now regain power. Only with power can they combat the corruption and the chaos, legislate for the people and reverse the prevailing pattern of offensive and vulgar conduct - which columnist Doug Friednash sanctimoniously and wrongfully attributes to Platner, but which the corrupt Trump regime inflicts on we the people, every day and all day long.

Platner with a covered up Totenkopf tatoo? Cute considering Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth uncovered vile white supremacist tattoos and activities. Foul language? Who cares in light of Trump and Co's incessant sewage tweets. Imp[ure manners towards women who are not his wife. Commanding them to 'be quiet, piggy' or bragging about grabbing their nether regions without consent.

Those who want Dems to gain power must close ranks behind Dem candidates, not sabotage them with irrelevant purity tests.

The letter writer is correct on so many counts, I literally could see the finished product as a submission I might have written myself. What is so gob smacking hypocritical is how so many mainstream media Nanny-ites could be picking Platner to shreds yet turn a blind eye to all of Trump's post-midnight howls,
Open the fucking Strait, you crazy bastards, or you'll be living in hell. JUST WATCH! A whole civilization will die tonight

as well as actual crimes from sexual assault to inciting an insurrection and paying hush money to a porn star. (To keep quiet about their trysts before the 2016 election). Not to mention being a Putin asset and launching a war of choice that will have horrific consequences on the global economy for months, if not years.

"Yeah, but that's just Trump, we know what he's like and expect it!"

Well, tough shit. Because if the Maggats are going to vote for a convicted criminal like Trump the rest of us seeking to curb his power  (unsurpassed because of cowards like Susan Collins) then we must back any Dem candidate with less toxic negatives to turn the tables. And without turning into lily-livered fusspots like much of the media has. 

In other words, with so much on the line, we cannot afford to be choosy. We don't have that luxury. Yes, as a recent (June 8) TIME article put it:

 "Platner is newcomer carrying enough baggage to sink an oyster boat"

But Trump is an actually elected felon and traitor who's amassed enough REAL crimes to make Hitler blush.

Finally, let's bear in mind Capt. Bonespurs dodged the draft five times. Graham Platner (as the TIME article notes):  

"Served three tours as a Marine infantryman, engaging in close combat in Ramadi and Fallujah."

I will take an honest, up front former Marine - though his verbiage be on the rough side - before a 5-time draft dodger, 34 time convicted felon and insurrectionist traitor.  Who once referred to troops killed in action as "losers."

See Also:

by Robert Becker | June 15, 2026 - 4:57am | permalink

Imagine a charismatic, working class progressive with strong policy values, down-home personality, and awesome articulation – displaying the self-esteem and honesty to apologize and seek forgiveness.

It’s dicey to endorse national candidates without either state or Washington experience. Heading his local Planning Board, salvaging an oyster farm and serving as town harbor master, plus military tours, capture how Platner proves good, heart-felt politics start locally. Were this independent, true “outsider” (disowned at first by tin-ear Dems) to advance to the Senate, that would be a stunning signal that change is on deck.

Here’s the ideal, “citizen” prospect who commits to “working Mainers” by joining a looming progressive coalition to overcome the dismal D.C. stall. Only a serious coalition does anything lasting – and this upstart activist wants to be Maine’s coalition voice. That he looks good to flip a Senate seat grabs everyone’s attention.

» article continues...

And:


And:

by Heather Digby Parton | June 17, 2026 - 5:11am | permalink

— from Salon

Donald Trump threw himself a great big birthday party over the weekend, targeted to appeal to the famous white working-class voters who have formed the core of his base since the moment he came down that golden escalator. He transformed the White House lawn into a makeshift Colosseum and held a modern-day gladiatorial spectacle, officially called UFC Freedom 250. One participant vomited on himself and later made offensive comments about Michelle Obama, to the great amusement of the assembled crowd. But there are signs that this sort of cultural signifier may not be enough to keep the MAGA faithful on board anymore.

It’s always been a bit strange that this spoiled, Richie Rich-style heir to a real estate fortune could possibly become an avatar of the working class. He’s never known a moment of physical labor in his life and has nothing but contempt for any of the hard-fought regulations and rights that protect workers from the predations of the moneyed elite and give them a chance at the American dream. One might have thought that all his ostentatious displays of wealth, compared to the squeeze working people have faced for at least the last generation, would at least make them skeptical. But as we’ve all discussed ad nauseam over the last couple of decades, tribal grievance tends to trump material self-interest among a large faction of the American electorate.

» article continues...

Tuesday, June 16, 2026

Advanced Astrophysics: Solutions To Stellar Emission & Absorption Problems

1) Consider a gas of neutral hydrogen. Using the Boltzmann equation and the information in the table (see April 2 blog post), compute the temperature at which one will expect equal numbers of atoms in the ground state and the first excited state.


Solution:

The Boltzmann equation is:

N2 / N =     [g2 / g1 ]   exp (- E2 – E1) / kT

And from the table, g2 = 8 and  g1 = 2

We require the condition that:  N2 =  N    so:

1 =     [8/ 2 ] exp (- E2 – E1) / kT

But:  E2 =  - 13.6 eV and E1 = -3.4 eV, therefore:

1 = 4 exp [- 13.6eV – (-3.4 eV) ]/ kT

1 =  4 exp (-10.2 eV)/ kT

Taking natural logs:

ln (4)  =    (10.2 eV)/ kT

where: k =   8.6174 x 10 -5 eV/K

Solving for T: 

T =    10.2 eV/  (ln 4) (8.6174 x 10 -5 eV/K)

T =  10.2 eV/ (1.3862) (8.6174 x 10 -5 eV/K)

T= 85 388 K or T = 8.54 x 10 4 K

 
       2) For the Balmer a line (called H- alpha), we know:

E3 – E2 =  - 13.6 eV ( 1/ 3   -  1/ 2 2 )   = 1.88 eV

a)     From this information calculate the ratio N2 / N   

b)     Obtain the specific intensity from: 

I u  =  2h u 3 / c 2  [1/ exp (hc/lkT]


Solution:

N2 / N  =     [g2 / g1 ]   exp (- E2 – E1) / kT

From the table in the Dec. 5th  post;  g2 = 8 and  g1 = 2   

k =   8.6174 x 10 -5 eV/K

N2 / N   =     [8/ 2 ]   exp (- E2 – E1) / kT

N2 / N     =  4 exp (-1.88 eV)/ (8.61 x 10 -5 eV/K) (10 4 K)

N2 / N     =  4(0.113) =  0.452

b)I u  =  2h u 3 / c 2  [1/ exp (hc/lkT]

We need to use consistent cgs units.  Planck constant h = 6.62 x 10  -27 erg-s

c=  3 x 10  10 cm/s

l  =  hc/ E =  (6.62 x 10  -27 erg-s) (3 x 10  10 cm/s)/ 3.0 x 10  -12 erg

l  =  6.62 x 10  -5 cm 

k=1.38 x 10  -16 erg/K

[1/ exp (hc/lkT]  =

1/ [exp (6.62 x 10  -27 erg-s) (3 x 10  10 cm/s)/ (6.62 x 10  -5 cm)  (1.38 x 10  -16 erg/K)( 10 4 K)

= 0.113

I u  =   2h u 3 / c 2  [0.113] erg cm -2/s

But  u =   E/h   =  

3.0 x 10  -12 erg/ 6.62 x 10  -27 erg-s  =  4.53 x 10  14 /s

So:
I u  =    0.226(6.62 x 10  -27 erg-s) (4.53 x 10  14 /s) 3 / (3 x 10  10 cm/s) 2

I u  =     1.51  x 10  -4 erg cm -2/s

3)Calculate  the transition probability you get using the Einstein equation:
A 21=   6.67 x 10 16 [g f/g2  l2   Å]
What possible errors might cause the values to diverge? (Take g = f » 1)
  l =  6.62 x 10  -7 m  =  6.62 x 10  -5 cm =  6620 Å

With g2 = 8  and g = f = 1

A 21=   1.93 x 10 8 [Å-2]

Compare to standard form (see e.g. Wikipedia, “Einstein coefficients”)  given in multiple physics papers as:

A 21=  [f g1/g2]{ 2 π  u 3  e 2 }/ e o  me c3  

A 21 =    1.87 x 10    or:    0.187  (in defined units of    10 8  s)      

 
Error sources: Imprecise oscillator frequency f

Error in one of the statistical weights.

Uncertainty in line measurements for absorption and extrapolating this for deduction of  A 21.



Monday, June 15, 2026

UFO Disclosure Does Not "Threaten Faith" - Where NYTimes' Ross Douthat Goes Wrong

 




The main problem with Ross Douthat's recent NYTimes piece ('Does UFO Disclosure Threaten Faith', June 13) is typical overthinking that has plagued the interpretation of UFO-UAP phenomena since the year dot. Hence, more often than not, newbies to the topic interject their own subjective takes, rather than objective ones.  In Douthat's case his first error is using Steven Speilberg's new film ('Day of Disclosure' - see trailer here:

disclosure day trailer - Google Search

to interpret the phenomenon minus examining the objective evidence. For example, Douthat notes Emily Blunt’s character  speaks in foreign tongues, she reads other people’s thoughts and the implication is that the aliens are using her to help humankind to become spiritually mature.”

Then concluding:

  "The story thus illustrating why one of the popular conceptions of extraterrestrial encounters is a potential challenge to organized religion, with aliens stepping into the role that’s traditionally occupied by popes and prophets and mystics, angelic messengers or the Holy Spirit."

But this is way way overextended beyond what's justified. For one thing, as Spielberg already noted in one CBS Morning segment Blunt's (Kansas City weather girl) character is not "speaking in tongues" - which has a specific meaning for Christians - especially of the charismatic persuasion, e.g.

Wherein I made reference to neuro biologist Michael Persinger’s work relating perseveration and hypergraphia to an altered affect, and most importantly an overwhelming sense of religiosity. Persinger didn't draw too many firm conclusions but one could reasonably conjecture that any two of those manifestations could easily transform to direct talking to an imagined deity.

But that isn't what Blunt's character was doing. She is actually speaking in a 'Morse-code' form of alien language to get to the threshold of disclosing their presence on Earth. (Acknowledged by Spielberg in his CBS interview 2 weeks ago). Hence, the aliens are using her to further the force of disclosure, not to "help humankind become spiritually mature."

So there is no basis for supposing the disclosure of UFOs as actual non-human craft, or related encounters, are usurping a role "traditionally occupied by popes and prophets and mystics, angelic messengers or the Holy Spirit."   Hence, there is no potential or real challenge to organized religion. That is, unless it dogmatically specifies that divine creation of intelligent species is confined to our own planet alone. Which leads Douthat to yet another false conclusion:

"Which means that if God exists in the movie’s universe, the alien race seemingly stands in a closer relationship to the deity than human beings, and they’re here to act as the divinity’s interpreters and agents."

But having a superior intelligence to humans, i.e. to have been able to direct advanced craft to our world, does not mean having a superior spiritual relationship.  So neither are they able to act as divine interpreters or agents. So there is really no tension with existing scripture claims, or moral edicts.

Douthat goes on to write:

Disclosure Day” draws on the existing U.F.O. mythos in multiple ways. For instance, in Spielberg’s story the cover-up of extraterrestrial encounters is being managed by a government-affiliated contractor rather than the Pentagon, which is something that various would-be whistle-blowers have suggested could be true in our reality. (A U.F.O.-curious Republican congressman, Eric Burlison, recently wrote that “my investigation is following the trail into RAND, MITRE, Aerospace Corp., M.I.T. Lincoln Labs, and the Northrop Grummans of the world.”)

This is an unfortunate reference given that Luis Alizondo, former director of The Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), noted (in his book Imminent, p. 129) it is actually the Dept. of Defense Legacy Program - or

Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program)

in possession of UAP materials (including retrieved craft) of non-human origin, and keeping them under tight wraps. As Elizondo writes (ibid.):

"We were told specifically (as members of the AATIP group)   that a defense contractor associated with the Legacy Program was in possession of UAP materials of nonhuman origin, made by some civilization from a distant planet. When Jay (team member) went to inquire for us, the contractor acknowledged that yes, they were in possession of this material.  They said they would give us access to it but first we had to get permission from the secretary of the Air Force."

But of course no permission was forthcoming.  Why would it be when the entire aim was to conceal the whole re-engineering effort?

Douthat then goes on to write:

"Before those whistle-blowers started appearing, I was content with a spiritual interpretation of the U.F.O. landscape, in which claims of encounters belong to the category of “weird religious experiences interpreted through modern sci-fi-influenced cultural conditions” and we shouldn’t expect spaceships to actually descend."

Flash forward to the referenced House UAP hearings in the summer of 2023. Recall that Ret. Major David Grusch  had been emphatic, testifying under oath, that the Air Force had a program to recover and re-engineer extraterrestrial craft.

                  Military Vets: Graves, Grusch (center)and Fravor at UAP  Hearing.

Asked specifically to elaborate on any "non-human spacecraft" or artifacts recovered, Grusch responded he could not discuss such materials in open session so suggested use of a SCIF (Special compartmentalized intelligence facility) at the hearings. This was required for congress to access sensitive materials.)  

He was not "cagey" about it at all, as some media buffoons implied. He merely recited the conditions under which the hardest (highest classified) first hand evidence - including 4k imagery - could be divulged without him being imprisoned under The Espionage Act (which was used to put former AF officer Reality Winner in a federal slammer for 5+ years for leaking docs pertaining to  Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.  

To his credit (and seriousness) Douthat adds:

 "I will be content with it once again if the administration takes the step that many figures involved in the disclosure push are now urging, and issues formal protections for anyone who comes forward with material evidence of secret programs and nonhuman technologies."

But again, this would have to go through the DoD's Legacy program and we already know that it would not consent to give such permission to Elizondo's AATIP group. I.e. to get the first hand materials from a contractor. Indeed, there is no evidence the Air Force even let David Grusch open a SCIF to reveal what evidence he had at the 2023 House hearings. And certainly, IF they had, any congress critter who beheld it would first hand  would need witness protections - say if they were to openly divulge it to someone outside the SCIF.

These are aspects that Neil deGrasse Tyson never seemed to grasp, probably because he never did the background work.  That was when he facetiously blurted: "Ya know, just fork up the aliens then we wouldn't have to believe! to CBS Morning interviewer Matt Guttman:


 As before, Neil either thinks it's funny that UAP-alien evidence is classified, or somewhat incredible that the Pentagon would actually impose prison sentences on anyone (like Grusch) openly revealing alien presence, existence of re-reengineered craft. However, not if the latter are part of an ongoing re-engineering process - which was Grusch's point. So Neil's frivolous demand is partly understandable, but totally unrealistic.

Douthat goes on to write:

"When I interviewed Representative Anna Paulina Luna, Republican of Florida (one of Congress’s leading U.F.O.-secrets believers), on my podcast a week ago, this was her explanation for why we have so many claims without confirmatory evidence: The people who have the proof fear prosecution or retribution.

I like to think that if I had the kind of evidence that drives the plot of “Disclosure Day,” I’d take some pretty substantial risks to be the person who revealed it to the public."

Errr....NO, you would not actually take those 'substantial risks'. Not if it meant ending up in the slammer (like Reality Winner) did for 5 years, or worse, for violating the 1917 Espionage Act. Which Douthat readily acknowledges in his next paragraph, writing:

"But talk from journalists is cheap. So I’ll just say that the administration officials who are so enthusiastic about hyping anomalous videos should be equally enthusiastic about whistle-blower protections."

Totally, absolutely concur. Which they have not done up to this point, nor submitted the first-hand level quality files and films. Which is why in my earlier (May 11) blog post on it, I referred to it as just more Trump distractions.

 See Also: 



 And:

Do Aliens Exist? Steven Spielberg Believes They Do - The New York Times