Monday, April 13, 2026

Artemis II's Subjective Power: Instilling The Wonder In Younger Generations Many Of Us Experienced In The Apollo Era

 Why on Earth go back to the Moon when we already went there?  Why should NASA repeat what it did a half-century ago, especially because astronauts will not actually step on the Moon for several years, and by that time, NASA will have spent about $150 billion more.  The most basic reason, I think, is to finally enable all the younger generations, like Gen Z and Millennials, to experience the same awe, the same excitement that we oldies did with the first Apollo Moon missions.

                                 Image of rising Earth taken from Apollo 8 

Fifty-seven odd years ago, the Apollo 8 mission stunned everyone on Earth with its circumnavigation of the Moon and astounding images (see above). Alas, I was basically laid up in bed with the Hong Kong flu for the duration of the Apollo 8 mission, so barely got to appreciate it fully at the time. 

Full of meds, battling body aches, chills, severe nausea and fever for 8 days, I was unable to partake of any Christmas dinner, far less track the news. Any news. What had I missed? I learned the flight had launched flawlessly on Dec. 21, 1968 with the 3 astronauts: Bill Anders, Jim Lovell and Frank Borman - strapped into an 11 foot command module perched atop a 363 ft. Saturn 5 rocket.

Almost 69 hours later, the trio made their historic rendezvous with the Moon. In lunar orbit, 70 miles above its desolate surface they traveled farther than any humans up to that point, capturing unforgettable views of the Moon - including an 'earthrise' image.  All of this I had learned, discovered in retrospect.

What the Artemis II (in Greek mythology, Artemis was the twin sister of Apollo) mission did is enable me to experience in real time the excitement (and yes, wonder) I missed in December, 1968.  Moreso, because Artemis II was an even more astounding lunar orbit mission which included images of the far side of the Moon never before seen by human eyes.  So yeah, it delivered that full measure of wonder and excitement the Hong Flu took away.

That excitement and wonder is also what the younger generations - who weren't around back in the Apollo era - also got to experience with Artemis II. Including captivating imagery, such as one (bottom left) with the Orion command module and the Moon off to the side', and then (lower right) Artemis channeling the Apollo 8's 'earth rise' image with its own earth set




                 The path around the Moon taken by Artemis II - much longer than Apollo 8's

Other fantastic Artemis images include this solo Earth shot  (lower left) after it attained trans lunar injection, and the far side of the Moon seen from a camera outside the spacecraft:



Also breathtaking this bottom, detailed image of the far side of the Moon  captured during Artemis II's 4,000 mile altitude pass over the surface:



Bear in mind the Artemis lunar program is not simply a do-over of the Apollo moon landings from 1969-72.  Artemis itself is larger and more powerful (more thrust, at 8.8 million lbs.) than the Saturn V rocket that helped hurl Apollo astronauts to the Moon.   See the Artemis II design below:

 Further, Artemis' objective is to lay the ground work for a lunar base as a stepping stone to Mars - perhaps by the late 2030s.  It will also help establish a new space station ('Gateway') orbiting the Moon, which will aid that objective. Under the newly revamped Artemis program, next year's Artemis III will see the astronauts practice docking their capsule with a lunar lander in orbit around Earth.   Then the Artemis IV mission will attempt to land a crew of two astronauts near the Moon's south pole in 2028.

Many exciting missions, expeditions lay ahead and I am happy that the current generations will get to enjoy them all, including a possible landing on Mars in their lifetimes (though not likely in mine).  Hopefully, keeping the space tempo going and not being blinded by too much AI or social media obfuscation.  This is a time to relish the next great chapter of human space adventures.


See Also:

 The Artemis Mission - Back To The Moon - But A Leap Forward In Space Exploration

And:

 Artemis Finally Blasts Off - And One Hopes The Trio Of Anatomical Dummies Aboard Survive 

And:

Commercial Lunar Landing Of 'Odysseus' Should Not Be Hailed As Any "Major" U.S. Space Accomplishment


Friday, April 10, 2026

Examining The Transmission Line Approach To Solar Flare Triggering

 


There are numerous ways by which we can approach the transfer of wave energy in solar coronal loops, and one of the ways proposed (originally in my Ph.D. thesis) was via adopting the transmission line model. Such transmission lines are most often employed in the transfer of electric energy from a power grid to specific locations, but with some adaptations it's feasible to arrange the model for solar considerations.

Here, we assume the turbulent regions are terminated on either side by impedances that cause partial reflection and standing Alfven waves each with characteristic wavelengths, l1 and l2.  For simplicity of treatment, we let ℓ1 = l1  and ℓ2 = l2.  So that, Z1 = Z1’ and Z2 = Z2’.  Then the input impedance referenced to the base of the loop for each case is:

Z(1)in

 j/2(Z1 – Z11) tan kl1   + [Z1 Z11 – ¼ (Z1 – Z11)2 tan2 kl1   ]1/2

 and

Z(2)in =

  j/2(Z2 – Z12) tan kl2   + [Z2 Z12 – ¼ (Z2 – Z12)2 tan2 kl2   ]1/2

On each side,  we define cut-off angular frequencies occur for which:

tan2 kc l   =  tan2 [(vc l Öe) / c]  =  

  4Z1 Z11/ (Z1 – Z11)2   =    4Z2 Z12/ (Z2 – Z12)2


At the base of each footpoint (in the limit of tan q » 0) one finds the cut-off frequency is:

wc 2 = 4 Z11 c2/ Z1 l12  eo  =   4 Z12 c2/ Z2 l22  eo 

 This can be simplified to:    wc  = 2 / Ö(L1 l1) Ö(C2 l2)  and

tan2 kc l =  tan 2 [wc lÖe /c]

where as before: L1 =     V(D)  - RI1/ (dI1/dt)

and: 

C2 = e2 [ℓ2||    +  ℓ2^ ]   =  [1  +  (i 4p s2)/ w2 ]( ℓ2||    +  ℓ2^ )

where the conductivity (s2) and plasma frequency (w2 )  are assumed to diverge from the values for the other loop BC segment.

It bears looking more closely here at the associated wave impedances, Z1’ and Z2’ in the context of the theory of long lines. In particular: for the specific wave turbulent regions (wave guides) let (cf. Zugzda and Locans, 1982)[1]:

Z(1) =  -iÖ(4pr(1))   and  Z(2) =  -iÖ(4pr(2))  

and:

Y(1) = -i/ Ö(4pn(1) m e )  and   Y(2) = -i/ Ö(4pn(2) m e

where n(1), n(2) are the respective particle number densities and the Y(1,2) are the linear vector admittances in the wave guides.  Whence:

 

Z1’ =  Ö(Z(1)/ Y(1)),      Z2’ = Ö(Z(2)/ Y(2))

and:

Z(1) =  -iÖ{4pr(1) (1 +ig1/ w)},     Z(2) =  -iÖ{4pr(2) (1 +ig1/ w)}  

where g1 is the “growth factor” such that:

g1  <    g/ w

where, at resonance condition (Z1 = Z2, l1 = l2) , we take: g »  10 6 s-1  and the aggregated (lumped) frequency of all modes in the loop is estimated to be w »  0. 043 s-1

The resulting rate of wave energy increase, e.g. determined by (Cromwell, 1988)[2]:


dW/ dt =  gW  

 

here g is the linear growth rate for ion-acoustic waves and W is the wave energy. The key point here is that when (Te/ Ti) > 4.8   a mean oscillatory condition (consistent with marginal stability )  emerges such that dW/dt = 0 (Cromwell et al, 1988)[3]. In other words, the wave energy will oscillate between maximal and minimal amplitudes and with it the dimensions of the wave region.

For the 1B/M4 event, HXIS measurements disclose Te =   1.04 x 10 7 K and Ti =   2.0 x 10 6 K so Te/ Ti > 5 and this meets the flare triggering condition.  The fact that as Crowell et al (1988) note that the beam stopping length varies considerably in simulations can be explained by the fact that scale lengths in  the turbulent regions as well as  (ℓ1||  ;  ℓ1^  ;  ℓ2||  ;  ℓ2^   ; Lk  )  are oscillating.



[1] Y.D. Zugzda and V. Locans: 1982, Solar Phys., 76, p. 77.

[2] D. Cromwell, P. McQuillen and J.C. Brown, Solar Phys., 115, 289, 1988.

[3] D. Cromwell, P. McQuillan, and J.C. Brown:1988,  op. cit..


See Also:

Shock wave from Sun has opened up a crack in Earth's magnetic field, and it could trigger a geomagnetic storm | Live Science

And:

The Role Of Statistics In My Development Of A Geo-Effective (SID) Solar Flare Trigger


And:

New Solar Research Confirms Why Delta Sunspots Are More Flare Worthy Than Other Magnetic Classes

Thursday, April 9, 2026

JD Vance Claims That Aliens Are "Demons" - Is It Tied To A Pentagon Cabal Of Fundamentalist Extremists?

 

                                 "Careful who you talkin' smack about, JD!

Believe it or not, this Goober of a VP named JD Vance (allegedly Yale-educated) told a MAGA podcaster named Benny Johnson that he believes that aliens and UFOs are actually "demons".  Don't take my word for it but go to the podcast yourself:

 Vance's babble about UFOs and aliens as "demons" comes in at about 19:52 in this podcast, and it reeks of religious claptrap of the type my late brother - Pastor Mike - used to spout, e.g.

Brane Space: Has this Guy got the "Hell Obsession", or What?

For example, at 20:54 Vance yaps, when asked what he thinks:

"I don't think they're aliens but demons.  Whenever I hear about extra-natural phenomena, I naturally go to the Christian understanding.  There's a lot of good out there but also a lot of evil."

Hmmm, then why doesn't this dope see it right in front of him in the person of Trump, whom he originally said was an "American Hitler."  But he goes on:

"One of the devil's great tricks is to convince people he never existed."

But left unsaid, probably on purpose, is that one of the Bible-thumpers' greatest tricks has been to convince millions of gullible folk that "demons" are real and everywhere.  Shoot, the thumpers (mainly hellfire evangelicals) patter has been so convincing they've even tricked higher IQ people into believing this bunkum. For example, my former colleague at Harrison College John Phillips, who I debated some 35 years ago on the topic: 'Demons - Fact Or Fantasy? e.g.

How Did Charlie Kirk's Cheerleaders Miss His Use Of Sophistry? And My Own College Debate With A Sophist Colleague

Basically, soundly dispatching John's demonic entities according to most of those in attendanceLu Elizondo, former director of The Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), splattered similar bunkum in Chapter 8 ('Angels and Demons', p. 80) in his superb monograph, Imminent.  He noted a "powerful circle of Christian fundamentalists" who'd already embedded themselves in the Dept. of Defense when he was there. They were called "the Collins Elite" and firmly believed any "aliens" associated with UAP-UFOs had to be supernatural demons.  Prompting Mr. Elizondo to write:

"To entertain the notion that some generals - and their staff of zealots - actively promoted a religious agenda which drove policy inside a secular national security institution, was simply a bridge too far."

Adding:

"Their ability to operate in complete anonymity was their strength. They were single-minded Pentagon and intelligence community lifers with the power to shape power and kill programs with a whisper or a nod. Every action they took was motivated by their religious beliefs."

Or maybe not. What if the Pentagon bible thumpers' religious agenda is just a useful smokescreen actually directed at protecting state (human) cosmic sovereignty? Recall here the 2008 paper 'Sovereignty and the UFO' by Alexander Wendt and Raymond Duvall:

Sovereignty and the UFO - Alexander Wendt, Raymond Duvall, 2008

 Therein the authors noted the phenomenon of the UFO tends to be rejected as real - by government sources, as well as the military and the media - because it comes up against the human concept of state sovereignty.  The basic takeaway: Humans, particularly in the top echelons of government, military, can't handle the concept of competition with any kind of more advanced exterior (to Earth) civilization. So, it has nothing to do with protecting a fragile public from ET contacts, but rather protecting a fragile government and security state from taking seriously an exterior threat in the guise of actual alien existence.

The adoption of this take would be perfect fit for the Collins Elite, giving them an excuse not to reveal the actual physical basis of the aliens (cf. Chapter 11, p.114, 'Biological Remains'). At the same time keeping the practical aspects of the Legacy Program in full gear, i.e. re-engineering of any crashed alien craft for military use. I mean, as Elizondo wrote, they do have the power to kill any unwanted programs they don't like, while continuing their own pseudo-religious agenda.  This was also likely the basis for the countering documentary, 'The Age of Disclosure', e.g.

The Age of Disclosure - Official Trailer | IMDb

I would be remiss here if I didn't also reference certain media personalities who have added their 2 cents to the 'aliens as demons' blather, Namely, NY Times columnist Ross Douthat who I'd taken on in a previous blog post:

Ross Douthat: Does the U.S. government want you to believe in UFOs? (sltrib.com)

Note that Douthat is a self- professed "conservative Roman Catholic" like Vance, so is able to argue that any real UFOs and aliens are not related to scientific categories, but "Jungian unconscious or supernatural" ones. As when he writes in his NY Times piece:

"The experiences (e.g. of the Navy pilots), are more likely to offer evidence of either some kind of Jungian unconscious or actual supernatural realms than interplanetary visitors."

Referring to the videos - like the Go Fast e.g.



 This one made publicly available some 9 years ago.  So Douthat, like Vance,  apparently never got the message that there is no issue of "belief" here. As former head of the Hayden Planetarium - Dr. Kenneth Franklin - made clear in his February, 1975 lecture at the Harry Bayley Observatory in Barbados:,

"Asking me if I believe in UFOs is like asking me if I believe in Chicago. Of course I do! What you're really asking me when you ask that question is whether I believe UFOs are spacecraft from another planet, and I don't."

Add to that the only scientific definition of UFO, as given by Dr. J. Allen Hynek in his book (UFOs- A Scientific Inquiry):

"A UFO is the reported perception of an object of light seen in the sky, the appearance, trajectory and general dynamic behavior of which do not suggest a logical, conventional explanation and which is not only mystifying to the original percipients but remains unidentified, after close scrutiny of all available evidence by persons who are technically capable of making a common sense identification, if one   were possible.”

This is important to process and remember if one is to have any kind of intelligent discussion, especially dispatching with the rubbish that UFOs and aliens are "demonic" or in any way supernatural.. Hynek basically  gives us a scientific template by which to judge the nature of an object or light seen in the sky and which falls outside recognized categories.

  Further,  solar physicist Peter Sturrock's work in the field of UFO analysis based on his book ('The UFO Enigma: A New Review of the Physical Evidence' ) discloses physical parameters are paramount.  Hence, he examines in detail: magnetic, mechanical and thermal properties of contacted soil that cannot be merely emanations of the "Jungian" unconscious. Or anything supernatural like "demons".

Sturrock notes the following pertinent aspects given soil's retention properties (pp. 94-95):

i)Mechanical – A continuous or brief mechanical pressure distorts the soil, and this can be measured by a penetration instrument.

ii)Thermal – Measurement of the quantity of water in the soil as compared to other nearby control samples, allows determination of the amount of energy required to reduce the water content to that level.

iii)Magnetic: Some soils have a high magnetic remanence. In this case it is useful to examine the magnetic pattern of the soil with the help of magnetometers either in situ, or in a laboratory.

iv)Radioactivity: Soil samples can be analyzed either in situ, of in the lab using recovered samples.

v)Physico-chemical: Samples from the trace region and control samples (recovered far from trace region) can be analyzed for molecular, atomic and isotopic composition.

Thus, those entities, craft which made such contact have to be real. They cannot be any kind of "supernatural" spirits flitting about, since 'spirits' don't make soil impressions or exhibit magnetic remanence.  

Hence, one has to conclude the supernatural interpretations of Vance and Douthat are traced to their own Christian world-cosmic views, nothing more. As for the Collins Elite based in the Pentagon, only they know the actual reasons for their quasi-religious agenda but I would bet it serves a dual purpose - as noted earlier. And only JD Vance knows if he is privy to the inner workings of the Collins Elite, or mayhap is part of that Pentagon group.  But it does suggest to me that Rump isn't about to deliver any actual revelations about aliens in a supposed May speech, e.g.

A May 1st "Major Speech" By Trump Revealing Alien Craft Are Real? Don't Make Me Laugh!

See Also:

by Amanda Marcotte | April 2, 2026 - 5:20am | permalink

— from Salon

`

Even for JD Vance, it was a weird moment. Over the weekend, the vice president appeared on the podcast of Benny Johnson, a sycophantic MAGA media figure tied to the conservative advocacy group Turning Point USA. The two discussed the Trump administration’s aggressive immigration crackdown, Medicaid fraud and the SAVE Act, which would undermine Americans’ freedom to vote, and Vance even accused Rep. Ilhan Omar, D-Minn., of immigration fraud. But in a blatant attempt to snag the attention former president Barack Obama received for discussing aliens during a recent podcast appearance, the conversation turned to the extraterrestrial and UFOs, which the Yale-educated Vance argued are actually demons.

The vice president pretended to pivot from “a longer discussion” of the subject, but then he immediately started pontificating about the culture’s “desire” to classify “celestial beings who fly around” as “aliens.” The Christian interpretation, he argued, should be demons, because “one of the devil’s great tricks is to convince people he never existed.”

» article continues...

And:

Brane Space: Kudos To Bill Maher For Sharing Reality of Aliens - UFOs On HBO Real Time

And:

    

How would contact with U.F.O.s and other civilizations change ours?

And:

And:

Physics Today Book Reviewer Kate Dorsch Is As Clueless About UFOs As Neil DeGrasse Tyson 

And:

Wednesday, April 8, 2026

Solutions to Elliptic Curves and Their Rational Points Problems

1)  Construct the line L through any two points P1 and P2 such that they intersect a third point P3, by direct calculation or using Bezout's theorem:


Soln.



1) Sketch more of the elliptic curve (2) such that the section is shown for x = 4, y = ?


The y-coordinate occurs at: y (4)    = 

[(4)3   –    (4)  +  1 ½     =  [61 ½   =  7.8

2)  Use the short Weierstrass form to generate another elliptic curve and graph it. Then obtain the discriminant and ensure it is non-vanishing. Thence obtain h(E).

The short Weierstrass form is:  y2  =   x3     + Ax + B

Let A = -2   and    B = 10   then we will generate:

y2  =   x3    - 2x + 10

The equation when graphed appears:


Then the discriminant :  

D  = -16 (4 A3   +  27 B2 ) =   -16[( 4 (-2)3    + 27(10)2] = 

[ 512  +  (-16)2700 ] =    [512 -  43200]  = -42688


h (E) =   max (4 |A|3 ,   27 B2) =   (4 |-2|3 ,   27 (10)2) =  (32,  2700)

Tuesday, April 7, 2026

Harvard Opts To Put A Cap On A's To Temper Grade Inflation And Undergrad Students Freak Out

 "Bwahahaa! Please! I can't handle a B!"

According to a recent Wall Street Journal article ('A Harvard Cap On A's Has Students Smarting', p. A3, April 4):

"For years, Harvard has been handing out A's in abundance. Now, a proposed cap would pump the brakes-and students are up in arms. Harvard's faculty is set to vote next week on a proposal to cap the number of A's per course, which now make up more than half of undergraduate grades after years of inflation. The plan also suggests getting rid of GPA as an internal metric, instead using percentile rank to calculate honors like cum laude recognition."

There's nothing wrong with Harvard capping the A's as their overuse doesn't make the school look elite, as it purports to be. There's also nothing amiss in using percentile rank - say for honors calculation - which is also what the SAT and GRE exams use, i.e. one may place in the 92nd percentile in the verbal section and 90th percentile in math. 

Yet to read the reactions of the Harvard students polled you'd think they were being asked to flunk every course. Especially when one reads:

"Student-made memes depict the administration as 'Gandalf from Lord of the Rings saying 'You shall not pass!"

Talk about drama queens!  Of course you will pass, just not get an automatic A anymore. Hint: a D is - or used to be - a pass mark and an A used to be reserved as a superlative grade. But these snowflakes regard a 'D' the same way as being branded with a scarlet letter for 'failure'.

The WSJ piece goes on:

"A frenzied debate has gripped campus, with students protesting that the changes would increase stress, fuel competition and discourage academic exploration."

All of which is errant twaddle. Look, kiddies, stress has been part of college life since the year dot. If you're just coasting through courses with no stress then either the courses are way too easy, or the instructors way too generous (and perhaps intimidated by student evaluations).

As for fueling competition, wasn't that the hurdle you crossed to make it into Harvard in the first place?  You had to compete with tens of thousands to snag that acceptance, in terms of SAT scores, academic average at your HS and the number and stature of the clubs you joined - as well as how many European study ventures you went on to expand your cultural horizons.

Discouraging academic exploration? That's more poppycock. If you are truly interested in trying new courses outside your specialty (say astronomy instead of business), the risk of getting a B or even C should not matter. After all, Intertel's Dr. Stephen Mason had noted university education:

"teaches a person to live - not to earn a living" - and that living encompasses an incentive for learning for its own sake"

 But, of course, learning for its own sake is alien to these whiners. This is given all of these kids fancy themselves ultimately getting into the top 1 percent of this country, so anything that might dent a perfect 4.0 graduation average is anathema.

The administration's proposal follows a report showing that grade inflation at Harvard has grown dramatically over the past two decades. In the 2024-25 school year, roughly 60 percent of all undergraduate grades were A’s, a sharp increase from just 25 percent in the 2005-06 academic year. This prompted Amanda Claybaugh, the dean of undergraduate education, at Harvard, to tell the Journal:

“We have to do what’s in the interest of preserving the reputation of Harvard, and they all benefit from that.” 

Ah yes, but try drilling that into the little lumpkins' craniums.  A survey conducted by Harvard’s undergraduate student government found overwhelming opposition to the proposed A-grade cap, with approximately 94 percent of respondents disapproving.  I'd wager this stat shows the preponderance of the entitled snowflake students, who would likely take a jump in the river if they got a C. "It would kill my chance of acing professional career!"

Whatever, kid.

But it also shows me exactly why this bunch at Harvard are furious over the proposed change, given they've been getting fat off the grade gravy train for so long. They're so used to it by now most probably don't have to study even an hour a night, if that. I mean, hell, we're looking at a change that could limit the number of A grades faculty can award in undergraduate courses, a move administrators say is necessary to curb rampant grade inflation. And as I have written before, the prevalence of grade inflation means a university's reputation craters - as well as its academic awards like 'Summa cum laude'. It can't be otherwise.  

When a school "doles out A's like peas" to use the Bajan expression, it signals that it regards excellence as little different from mediocrity. If so many undergrads  (3 out of 5) at Harvard have been getting A's the past two years then either: a) the courses were too easy, or b) the faculty are being intimidated by student evaluations.

One former Physics prof (William J. Veigele) writing in a 2020 issue of Physics Today (August, p. 12, 'Teacher Harassment and Loss of Respect'), wrote:

One protocol I've always disliked was the written student evaluations of professors."

Adding:

"A strong correlation holds between students earning low marks in physics and the ones submitting unfavorable remarks."

And let's face it, if this correlation applies in one academic course domain it is bound to apply in others.

The Harvard vote needs to fulfill that 20 percent cap in A's to retain respect for the institution. This would bring the number of A’s back down to the levels Harvard had in 2011. Hopefully also, the proposal won't be scuttled like Princeton did after implementing its own cap on A's in 2004, then repealing the  policy in 2014.  According to the report in the WSJ: 

"It had added a large element of stress to the students' lives"

Awwww...And these are the little puffkins who plan to run the world? Shape the universe? Try attending a really competitive Chinese university for a year. But then the Chinese are the ones who very soon will be the dominant movers and shakers.

See Also:

Opinion | Harvard capping As would combat grade inflation epidemic in higher ed - The Washington Post

Excerpt:

Like monetary inflation, runaway A’s in higher education are a collective-action problem. About two-thirds of grades at Harvard College last school year were A’s. That doesn’t count A-minuses, which were another 18 percent, meaning fewer than one in six grades were a B-plus or lower.

You might have guessed grading at Ivy League schools was lenient, though not this lenient.

There’s a thoughtful solution on the table. Unfortunately, amid a student revolt last week, Harvard’s faculty postponed a vote to impose a cap on A’s. Forging ahead with the plan anyway would send a promising signal about merit and competition in American higher education.

Grade inflation — like the inflation of a currency — is a collective action problem. Professors increase the share of A’s they hand out because they know other professors are doing so and breaking from the herd would have costs. Just 35 percent of grades at Harvard were A’s in the 2012-2013 academic year, but the number climbed at a rapid clip and then surged during the covid pandemic.

The result is a collapse in the informational value of grades, especially at the high end. “As GPAs accumulate against the wall of 4.0,” a Harvard faculty committee report noted earlier this year, “the small numerical differences that remain are less reflective of genuine variation in academic performance than random noise in the grading process.”

The proposal under consideration would cap the share of A’s an instructor can give to 20 percent of the class plus four students. That means that in a large introductory course, the share of students who could get A’s — 24 out of 100, for example — would be lower than in smaller courses, which tend to be more advanced. Up to eight A’s would be available in a class of 20.

This effort matters because Harvard has the stature to prompt similar changes across the rest of higher education, where grade inflation has also been rampant. Princeton and Wellesley both tried to respond to grade inflation with caps but abandoned their efforts in 2014 and 2019, respectively.

A major objection from students at Harvard is that going back to grading on a curve will discourage them from participating in extracurricular activities. But the core purpose of campus life is learning, not socializing or networking, and academics have been excessively devalued at Harvard in recent decades. This would help restore the balance.

And:

Thanks To Grade Inflation University 'Cum Laude' Honors Are Now Meaningless

And:

Brane Space: WHAT was that Harvard Twit Thinking?

And:

Brane Space: "Free Students From The Grading Curve"? - That Depends